How does temperature affect the voltage of photovoltaic modules?

The relationship between temperature and the voltage output of photovoltaic (PV) modules is a fundamental concept in understanding solar technology. As the temperature of a solar cell decreases, the voltage output tends to increase. This phenomenon occurs because PV cells are made from semiconductor materials, which exhibit different electrical characteristics at varying temperatures.

When the temperature drops, the charge carriers (electrons and holes) in the semiconductor material become more active, leading to an increase in the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the cells. Conversely, at higher temperatures, the energy from the heat can cause more charge carriers to recombine, resulting in a decrease in voltage. Therefore, cooler temperatures generally yield higher voltages, making higher performance expected in colder conditions.

Understanding this principle is critical for designing efficient solar energy systems, as it can affect the overall energy output throughout the day's temperature fluctuations. This insight demonstrates why temperature has a positive effect on voltage in solar electric systems.