In a location with 4.5 sun hours per day, what is the expected annual output of a 4kW PV system with 15% losses?

To determine the expected annual output of a 4kW photovoltaic (PV) system in a location with 4.5 sun hours per day, we need to first calculate the total energy the system would generate over a year without considering losses.

Start by calculating the daily energy output of the system:

1. A 4kW system operating at 4.5 hours of effective sunlight per day will produce: [ \text{Daily Energy Output (kWh)} = \text{System Size (kW)} \times \text{Sun Hours (hours)} = 4, \text{kW} \times 4.5, \text{hours} = 18, \text{kWh} ]

2. To find the annual output, multiply the daily output by the number of days in a year: [ \text{Annual Energy Output} = 18, \text{kWh/day} \times 365, \text{days} = 6570, \text{kWh} ]

Next, we account for the 15% losses that typically occur due to factors such as shading, inverter efficiency, and temperature effects. If losses are 15%, that means