What is the term used for the total energy received per area over time?

The term for the total energy received per area over time is correctly identified as irradiation. Irradiation refers specifically to the amount of solar energy that reaches a surface over a specified period. It is typically measured in joules per square meter (J/m²) and represents the cumulative energy impact on a collector surface.

In solar energy contexts, understanding irradiation is crucial because it directly influences how much energy can be harnessed by photovoltaic systems and other solar technologies. Irradiation helps in assessing the potential energy production from solar installations, considering factors like location, time of year, and weather conditions.

On the other hand, irradiance, which is often confused with irradiation, refers to the instantaneous power of solar energy received per unit area at a specific moment, measured in watts per square meter (W/m²). Insulation, a common misspelling in this context, often refers to thermal insulation and is not relevant. Electromagnetic radiation encompasses all forms of radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, including visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, and radio waves but does not specify the energy received over time per area.

Understanding these distinctions is important for anyone studying solar energy and its applications in photovoltaic systems.